煤炭在我國(guó)的一次能源消費(fèi)中占到75%左右，燃煤火力發(fā)電廠產(chǎn)生的煙氣是大氣污染的重要來(lái)源。在目前的燃煤煙氣脫硫技術(shù)中，石灰石－石膏濕法是我國(guó)大力推廣的技術(shù)，此技術(shù)適用于常見(jiàn)煤種，具有90%以上的效脫硫率，95%以上的系統(tǒng)回用率和90%以上的吸收劑利用率，此套工藝運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定，而且石灰石來(lái)源廣泛，價(jià)格便宜。

　　Coal accounts for about 75% of China's primary energy consumption, and the flue gas generated by coal-fired power plants is an important source of air pollution. In the current coal-fired flue gas desulfurization technology, the limestone gypsum wet process is a widely promoted technology in China. This technology is suitable for common coal types and has an effective desulfurization rate of over 90%, a system reuse rate of over 95%, and an absorbent utilization rate of over 90%. This process runs stably and has a wide range of limestone sources and is inexpensive.

　　因此，我國(guó)的脫硫廢水主要是石灰石－石膏濕脫硫技術(shù)所產(chǎn)生的，也就是我們通常所說(shuō)的脫硫廢水。下面概括幾種脫硫廢水的深度處理工藝。

　　Therefore, the desulfurization wastewater in China is mainly generated by limestone gypsum wet desulfurization technology, which is commonly referred to as desulfurization wastewater. Below are several advanced treatment processes for desulfurization wastewater.

　　?1?脫硫廢水蒸發(fā)濃縮

　　1. Evaporation and concentration of desulfurization wastewater

　　通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和干燥設(shè)備能夠讓脫硫廢水分離成為高質(zhì)量的水或水蒸氣以及固體廢棄物，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)水的循環(huán)使用，可以完成火力發(fā)電廠廢水零排放，此方法的缺點(diǎn)是需要高額的投資，目前在國(guó)內(nèi)還沒(méi)有實(shí)際運(yùn)行的實(shí)例。脫硫廢水蒸發(fā)系統(tǒng)由四個(gè)部分構(gòu)成，分別是熱輸入、熱回收、排熱以及附屬系統(tǒng)部分；低壓蒸汽和熱交換管內(nèi)流動(dòng)的循環(huán)脫硫廢水在水加熱器內(nèi)水進(jìn)行熱交換，加熱沸騰了的循環(huán)脫硫廢水分別流到每個(gè)閃蒸室內(nèi)進(jìn)行閃蒸，蒸發(fā)出的水蒸汽通過(guò)除霧器和蒸發(fā)器上部的熱交換管再進(jìn)行熱交換冷凝，每一級(jí)所得到的蒸汽凝結(jié)水被熱交換管下端的蒸餾水托盤(pán)收集，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)固液分離，此工藝技術(shù)流程操作簡(jiǎn)單，蒸發(fā)回收水水質(zhì)良好，此工藝的投資成本太高限制了它在實(shí)際脫硫廢水工程中的應(yīng)用。

　　Through evaporation and drying equipment, desulfurization wastewater can be separated into high-quality water or steam, as well as solid waste, which can achieve water recycling and achieve zero discharge of wastewater from thermal power plants. The disadvantage of this method is that it requires high investment, and there are currently no actual operating examples in China. The desulfurization wastewater evaporation system consists of four parts, namely heat input, heat recovery, heat dissipation, and ancillary system parts; The circulating desulfurization wastewater flowing in the low-pressure steam and heat exchange tubes undergoes heat exchange in the water heater. The heated and boiled circulating desulfurization wastewater flows into each flash evaporation chamber for flash evaporation. The evaporated water vapor is then condensed by heat exchange through the demister and heat exchange tubes on the upper part of the evaporator. The condensed water obtained from each stage is collected by the distilled water tray at the lower end of the heat exchange tube, thereby achieving solid-liquid separation. This process technology has a simple operation and good water quality for evaporation recovery. The high investment cost of this process limits its application in actual desulfurization wastewater engineering.

　　2?脫硫廢水的生物處理

　　Biological treatment of desulfurization wastewater

　　脫硫廢水中COD固然不高，但有別于一般的廢水，脫硫廢水形成的化學(xué)需氧量的主要因素是還原態(tài)的無(wú)機(jī)物，并不是有機(jī)物，脫硫廢水還有高鹽度，高氨氮和高總氮的特點(diǎn)，這說(shuō)明脫硫廢水的可生化性很差。目前，國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者提出了一些突破傳統(tǒng)理論的新認(rèn)識(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)，特別是在生物脫氮工藝上有了新的突破，像短程硝化反硝化、厭氧氨氧化、同步硝化反硝化、好氧反硝化等為脫硫廢水的處理提供了新的思路。厭氧氨氧化作為脫硫廢水生物脫氨工藝具有巨大的應(yīng)用潛力，但是脫硫廢水的高鹽度會(huì)抑制厭氧氨氧化細(xì)菌的活性，厭氧氨氧化細(xì)菌如何才能適應(yīng)脫硫廢水這樣的成分復(fù)雜的廢水還需要深入的研究；脫硫廢水復(fù)雜性對(duì)微生物的活性具有很強(qiáng)的抑制作用，微生物可以通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)鸟Z化去抵制脫硫廢水的毒性，對(duì)于脫硫廢水對(duì)活性污泥的毒性的影響也是需要進(jìn)一步的研究。以活性污泥法為代表的生化處理工藝已是相當(dāng)成熟，活性污泥法具有操作簡(jiǎn)單，廉價(jià)高效等特點(diǎn)，如果可以將活性污泥法應(yīng)用到脫硫廢水處理中將會(huì)給脫硫廢水的處理帶來(lái)新的視野。

　　Although the COD in desulfurization wastewater is not high, it is different from ordinary wastewater. The main factor causing the chemical oxygen demand in desulfurization wastewater is the reduced inorganic matter, not the organic matter. The desulfurization wastewater also has the characteristics of high salinity, high ammonia nitrogen, and high total nitrogen, which indicates that the biodegradability of desulfurization wastewater is poor. At present, scholars at home and abroad have proposed some new understandings and discoveries that break through traditional theories, especially in the field of biological nitrogen removal processes, such as short-range nitrification denitrification, anaerobic ammonia oxidation, synchronous nitrification denitrification, aerobic denitrification, etc., which provide new ideas for the treatment of desulfurization wastewater. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation, as a biological ammonia removal process for desulfurization wastewater, has great potential for application. However, the high salinity of desulfurization wastewater can inhibit the activity of anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria. Further research is needed on how anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria can adapt to the complex composition of desulfurization wastewater; The complexity of desulfurization wastewater has a strong inhibitory effect on the activity of microorganisms. Microorganisms can resist the toxicity of desulfurization wastewater through appropriate domestication. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of desulfurization wastewater on the toxicity of activated sludge. The biochemical treatment process represented by the activated sludge method is quite mature. The activated sludge method has the characteristics of simple operation, low cost and high efficiency. If the activated sludge method can be applied to the treatment of desulfurization wastewater, it will bring new perspectives to the treatment of desulfurization wastewater.

　　3?微生物燃料電池對(duì)脫硫廢水的處理

　　Treatment of desulfurization wastewater by 3 microbial fuel cells

　　微生物燃料電池(microbialfuelcell，MFC)是將廢水中有機(jī)物的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能，在去除污染物的同時(shí)將產(chǎn)生的電能回收，實(shí)現(xiàn)了能量轉(zhuǎn)化。近年來(lái)隨著微生物燃料電池的迅速發(fā)展，作為一種新的反應(yīng)裝置有著高效的去除污染物的效果和產(chǎn)電回收能源的雙重效果，微生物燃料電池的發(fā)展不可限量，將微生物燃料電池與脫硫廢水的處理結(jié)合起來(lái)會(huì)是一個(gè)很好的出路。圖1 ?MFC系統(tǒng)組成微生物燃料電池的示意圖如圖1所示，MFC一般由陽(yáng)極、膜和陰極組成，在常見(jiàn)的MFC陽(yáng)極室內(nèi)，厭氧產(chǎn)電微生物通過(guò)呼吸作用將供體的有機(jī)污染物氧化來(lái)，釋放出電子和質(zhì)子，產(chǎn)生的電子將通過(guò)位于細(xì)胞外膜的電子載體(例如細(xì)胞色素c或被稱(chēng)為納米導(dǎo)線的菌毛)傳遞到陽(yáng)極，然后再經(jīng)過(guò)外部電路轉(zhuǎn)移到陰極，釋放出產(chǎn)生的能量，從而產(chǎn)生電流；質(zhì)子通過(guò)離子交換膜轉(zhuǎn)移到陰極，在陰極室內(nèi)，質(zhì)子、電子受體和電子發(fā)生還原反應(yīng)，微生物燃料電池是能夠在常溫常壓下進(jìn)行難降解物質(zhì)的降解和能量的轉(zhuǎn)換。對(duì)于脫硫廢水這樣的難降解的污染物，需要添加容易降解的有機(jī)物作為共生基質(zhì)，也就是在共代謝的條件下才能被有效降解，對(duì)使用MFC和UASB對(duì)硫化廢水的處理進(jìn)行比較，得出MFC對(duì)處理硫化廢水有著較好的效果和較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。

　　Microbial fuel cell (MFC) converts the chemical energy of organic matter in wastewater into electrical energy, and recovers the generated electrical energy while removing pollutants, achieving energy conversion. In recent years, with the rapid development of microbial fuel cells, as a new reaction device, it has a dual effect of efficient removal of pollutants and energy recovery from electricity production. The development of microbial fuel cells is unlimited, and combining microbial fuel cells with desulfurization wastewater treatment will be a good way out. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the composition of a microbial fuel cell in an MFC system. MFC generally consists of an anode, a membrane, and a cathode. In a common MFC anode chamber, anaerobic electricity producing microorganisms oxidize organic pollutants from donors through respiration, releasing electrons and protons. The generated electrons are transferred to the anode through an electron carrier located on the outer membrane of the cell (such as cytochrome c or pili called nanowires), and then transferred to the cathode through an external circuit, releasing the generated energy and generating an electric current; Protons are transferred to the cathode through an ion exchange membrane. In the cathode chamber, protons, electron acceptors, and electrons undergo reduction reactions. Microbial fuel cells are capable of degrading difficult to degrade substances and converting energy at room temperature and pressure. For pollutants such as desulfurization wastewater that are difficult to degrade, it is necessary to add easily degradable organic matter as a symbiotic matrix, which can only be effectively degraded under co metabolism conditions. Comparing the treatment of sulfide wastewater using MFC and UASB, it is concluded that MFC has a better effect and higher economy in treating sulfide wastewater.

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