沼氣生物脫硫是20世紀(jì)90年代發(fā)展起來的新技術(shù)，利用脫硫微生物催化沼氣中的硫化氫，在控制氧氣濃度的條件下將其轉(zhuǎn)化為硫酸或單質(zhì)硫。該技術(shù)通過氧化還原電位調(diào)控實(shí)現(xiàn)選擇性轉(zhuǎn)化，具有低運(yùn)行成本、環(huán)境友好等特點(diǎn)。與化學(xué)脫硫法相比，生物法脫硫由于條件溫和、硫化氫去除比例高、無(wú)需催化劑、消耗能量少，并且很少產(chǎn)生廢液等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。其工藝通常包含洗滌塔吸收、生物反應(yīng)器轉(zhuǎn)化和硫沉淀分離三個(gè)核心步驟。生物脫硫是利用微生物的代謝作用將沼氣中的硫化氫轉(zhuǎn)化為單質(zhì)硫或硫酸鹽，可實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)保和低成本脫硫。

Biogas desulfurization is a new technology developed in the 1990s, which utilizes desulfurization microorganisms to catalyze hydrogen sulfide in biogas and convert it into sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur under controlled oxygen concentration conditions. This technology achieves selective conversion through redox potential regulation, and has the characteristics of low operating cost and environmental friendliness. Compared with chemical desulfurization methods, biological desulfurization has been widely used due to its mild conditions, high hydrogen sulfide removal ratio, no need for catalysts, low energy consumption, and minimal waste liquid generation. The process usually includes three core steps: washing tower absorption, bioreactor conversion, and sulfur precipitation separation. Biological desulfurization is the use of microbial metabolism to convert hydrogen sulfide in biogas into elemental sulfur or sulfate, which can achieve environmental protection and low-cost desulfurization.

沼氣生物脫硫技術(shù)經(jīng)歷了三代發(fā)展。第一代干法脫硫采用硫酸鐵脫硫劑，需頻繁更換導(dǎo)致成本高；第二代濕法脫硫通過堿液吸附結(jié)合催化劑再生，降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度；第三代生物脫硫則利用微生物的代謝作用實(shí)現(xiàn)脫硫。生物脫硫工藝主要分為一體式和分離式兩大類。一體式工藝通過將空氣混合沼氣在生物濾池中脫硫，適用于低濃度硫化氫的處理；分離式工藝則采用洗滌塔與生物反應(yīng)器分步處理，解決了填料堵塞問題，適用于高濃度硫化氫及沼氣提純等場(chǎng)景。

Biogas desulfurization technology has undergone three generations of development. The first generation of dry desulfurization uses iron sulfate desulfurizer, which requires frequent replacement, resulting in high costs; The second generation wet desulfurization reduces labor intensity by adsorbing alkaline solution and regenerating catalyst; The third generation of biological desulfurization utilizes the metabolic activity of microorganisms to achieve efficient desulfurization. The biological desulfurization process is mainly divided into two categories: integrated and separated. The integrated process is suitable for the treatment of low concentration hydrogen sulfide by mixing air with biogas for desulfurization in a biological filter; The separation process adopts a washing tower and a bioreactor for step-by-step treatment, which solves the problem of packing blockage and is suitable for high concentration hydrogen sulfide and biogas purification scenarios.

沼氣生物脫硫的核心設(shè)備是生物脫硫塔。含硫化氫的氣體進(jìn)入脫硫塔后，在塔內(nèi)與噴淋液反應(yīng)而脫除其中的硫化氫。設(shè)備通常包括塔體（頂部設(shè)有循環(huán)噴淋系統(tǒng)、中段設(shè)有填料層）、底部的除硫系統(tǒng)等部分。生物脫硫是在生物滴濾塔、生物洗滌器或生物濾池中進(jìn)行的。以生物滴濾塔為例，其通過優(yōu)化內(nèi)部填料設(shè)計(jì)與氣液流動(dòng)路徑，大幅提升了反應(yīng)效率。運(yùn)行過程中需要準(zhǔn)確控制pH值、溫度、氧氣供給等參數(shù)以優(yōu)化微生物活性。將少量空氣（約2-6%）注入沼氣管道或生物脫硫塔中，利用好氧微生物將硫化氫氧化成單質(zhì)硫或硫酸鹽。

The core equipment for biogas biological desulfurization is the biological desulfurization tower. After entering the desulfurization tower, the gas containing hydrogen sulfide reacts with the spray liquid inside the tower to remove the hydrogen sulfide. The equipment usually includes a tower body (with a circulating spray system at the top and a packing layer in the middle), a sulfur removal system at the bottom, and other parts. Biological desulfurization is carried out in biological drip towers, biological scrubbers, or biological filters. Taking the biological drip filtration tower as an example, it greatly improves the reaction efficiency by optimizing the internal packing design and gas-liquid flow path. During operation, precise control of parameters such as pH value, temperature, and oxygen supply is required to optimize microbial activity. Inject a small amount of air (about 2-6%) into the biogas pipeline or biological desulfurization tower, and use aerobic microorganisms to convert sulfide into elemental sulfur or sulfate.

在應(yīng)用方面，沼氣生物脫硫技術(shù)已實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)化應(yīng)用。以某廚余垃圾資源化利用項(xiàng)目為例，從沼氣組分、工藝流程、調(diào)試流程、控制指標(biāo)等方面進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析。生物滴濾脫硫作為一種新型脫硫處理工藝，具有生長(zhǎng)條件易調(diào)節(jié)、設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、過程操作簡(jiǎn)便、運(yùn)行成本低、污染物去除效率高等特點(diǎn)。堿法生物脫硫技術(shù)能夠達(dá)到后續(xù)設(shè)備對(duì)硫化氫凈化的要求，副產(chǎn)物處置難度相對(duì)較低，前期建設(shè)和運(yùn)行維護(hù)費(fèi)用也相對(duì)較低。生物脫硫技術(shù)現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用于污水處理、農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)酵及天然氣凈化等領(lǐng)域，硫化氫去除率高達(dá)99.5%，產(chǎn)物硫磺可作化肥原料。隨著技術(shù)的不斷成熟和環(huán)保要求的日益嚴(yán)格，沼氣生物脫硫正朝著更、更穩(wěn)定的方向發(fā)展。

In terms of application, biogas biological desulfurization technology has achieved industrial application. Taking a kitchen waste resource utilization project as an example, a systematic analysis was conducted from the aspects of biogas components, process flow, commissioning process, and control indicators. Biological drip filtration desulfurization, as a new type of desulfurization treatment process, has the characteristics of easy adjustment of growth conditions, simple equipment structure, easy process operation, low operating costs, and high pollutant removal efficiency. The alkaline biological desulfurization technology can meet the requirements of subsequent equipment for hydrogen sulfide purification, with relatively low difficulty in by-product disposal and relatively low initial construction and operation maintenance costs. Biological desulfurization technology has been widely used in fields such as sewage treatment, agricultural fermentation, and natural gas purification. The removal rate of hydrogen sulfide is as high as 99.5%, and the product sulfur can be used as a fertilizer raw material. With the continuous maturity of technology and increasingly strict environmental requirements, biogas biological desulfurization is developing towards a more efficient and stable direction.

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